Liver disease in dogs and cats
Also called Hepatitis, hepatopathy
Many illnesses can damage the liver. Blood tests for liver enzymes, bilirubin and proteins give the first clue, and the pattern helps decide what to do next.
Cause and spread
- Cause
- Many causes: inflammation (chronic hepatitis), copper build-up, infection, toxins, drugs and others.
- How it spreads
- It is not infectious in most cases.
Signs to watch for
- Loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting
- Diarrhoea
- Yellow gums, eyes or skin (jaundice)
- Swollen belly from fluid in later disease
- Weakness and weight loss
Many diseases look alike. Only a laboratory test can tell them apart, so please see a veterinarian for any sick animal.
How it is diagnosed
Enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT) usually rise first, then bile acids, then bilirubin as injury advances. Enzyme rises alone can mislead: ALP is sensitive but not specific in dogs, and results must be read with the signs, other tests and sometimes a liver biopsy. Cats show much smaller ALP rises than dogs.
- Usually the first testLiver Function Test (LFT) - BasicALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin and protein: the first check of the liver.
- Supports the diagnosisLiver Function Test (LFT) - AdvancedA fuller liver picture.
- Supports the diagnosisGamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)A liver and bile-duct enzyme.
- Supports the diagnosisTotal BilirubinRises later with more severe injury.
- Supports the diagnosisComplete Blood Count (CBC)Part of the work-up.
- Follow-up and monitoringAlanine Aminotransferase (ALT/SGPT)Followed over time; it rises and falls with liver injury.
Prevention and control
- Do not give human medicines or unprescribed drugs to pets
- Keep poisons, toxic plants and spoiled food out of reach
- Follow your veterinarian's diet and check-up advice
Where this information comes from
- Enzyme Activity in Hepatic Disease in Small Animals · Merck Veterinary Manual
- Canine Chronic Hepatitis · Merck Veterinary Manual
General information for animal owners and veterinarians, last checked October 2026. It does not replace the advice of your veterinarian, who should decide which tests and treatment your animal needs.